Espresso: Italy’s small cup with a big story

International Coffee Day, observed annually on 1 October, recognises coffee’s journey from growers and roasters to baristas and consumers. It also celebrates espresso as Italy’s distinctive and globally influential coffee tradition.

Espresso’s origins trace back to Turin in 1884, when entrepreneur Angelo Moriondo patented a steam-powered coffee machine designed for faster brewing. While his invention was a key precursor to modern espresso machines, it did not produce individual shots.

The next significant development occurred in Milan. In the early 1900s, Luigi Bezzera patented improvements that enabled coffee to be brewed and served quickly to order. Desiderio Pavoni acquired Bezzera’s patent in 1903 and commercialised the technology. Their machine debuted at the Milan Fair in 1906, reaching a broader audience.

Another breakthrough occurred in Milan with Achille Gaggia. In 1938, Gaggia patented a steam-free system that forced hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee. In 1947, he introduced a lever-piston mechanism that generated higher pressure, resulting in a richer espresso with its signature crema naturale. This transition from steam to pressure defined modern espresso.

These innovations shaped Italian coffee culture. Espresso became a quick, concentrated beverage enjoyed at the bar and led to the creation of classic drinks such as cappuccino, macchiato and caffè latte.

Modern espresso has evolved through advancements in pressure, temperature control and machine design. However, its cultural essence remains Italian, reflecting craftsmanship, hospitality and an appreciation for well-made coffee served simply.

Espresso is widely recognised as one of Italy’s significant cultural contributions, bringing the Italian lifestyle into morning routines worldwide.

This International Coffee Day, raise a cup to the inventors, makers, growers, roasters and baristas whose dedication makes every espresso possible. Buon caffè!